From IMOS-wiki

Contents 1 1. Introduction 2 2. What the SRS Facility is delivering under NCRIS – Status. 2.1 Production of SST 2.2 Data Reception 2.3 Future 3 3. Calibration/Validation in other Facilities 3.1 Jason II calibration moorings 3.2 SOOP SST 3.3 Lucinda Jetty 4 4. Potential scope of SRS 4.1 Sea Surface Temperature 4.2 Ocean Colour 4.3 Altimeter 4.4 Scatterometer winds 4.5 Sea Surface Salinity 4.6 Ice observations

[edit] 1. Introduction

In the original IMOS plans and AusIOOS vision, link building service Web 2.0 Design Android App Design Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS) forms part of the “National Backbone, linking the regional activities and the Bluewater and Climate activities along with eMII and National Reference Stations. In addition, the draft 5 year strategy, a strong national backbone for observing boundary currents was identified as one of 10 strategic sell a diamond priorities. From the strategy:

“While the SRS, National Reference Stations (in ANMN) and eMII Facilities are all in place in IMOS, it is timely to consider whether or not the cumulative impact of delivery by these Facilities is cassette player providing, or has the potential to provide, the national backbone originally envisaged.”

There is a clear need for a well articulated SRS activity within IMOS which delivers data requirements to the research community, and contributes to the strong national backbone that was originally envisaged. The IMOS office has developed this paper as initial input to community discussions on the future of remote sensing activities in IMOS. This includes current status of SRS and calibration/validation activities, potential scope of SRS, and some initial input from the SRS community. Link building popularity Link popularity building

[edit] 2. What the SRS Facility is delivering under NCRIS – Status.

The Satellite Remote Sensing Facility aims to provide various satellite derived ocean products to the marine science community.

[edit] Production of SST

1km resolution Sea Surface Temperature Products provided by the Bureau of Meterorology have been upgraded to comply with the GHRSST-PP (Global High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project, now the Group for High Resolution SST) Data Processing Specification 1.6. The significant components include the use of regional rather than global buoy SSTs for satellite SST calibration, noise resistance methods of SST coefficient estimation, the development of a match-up database (MDB), calculation of single sensor error statistics (SSES), an analysis of cloud proximity confidence in terms of km rather than pixels, stitching of overlapping pos softwareand Cold Mixraw AVHRR data from several ground stations and the generation and distribution of SST products in GHRSST L2P and L3P format.

The facility aims to produce not only real-time, single-swath, 1 km resolution, HRPT AVHRR SST L2P files, but also near real-time, single sensor, composite, GHRSST format L3P SST products, gridded at 0.01x 0.01over the region 90°E to 180°E, 0°N to 55°S for a single night and a single day of data; however, these products are not yet available. The aim over 2009 and 2010 is to reprocess archives of raw AVHRR data to produce these L2P and L3Pfiles from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites back to around 1990.

The new IMOS HRPT AVHRR L2P SSTs will be significantly more accurate than the Bureau’s pre-existing AVHRR level 2 SST data from NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 satellites, with standard deviations of night-time matchups with drifting and moored buoys approximately halved through improved processing techniques.

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• The SRS is divided into 3 sub facilities, the “SST sub-facility run by Helen Beggs, the AO-DAAC run by Peter Turner and Edward King and the Station upgrade work by Stuart Barr and Craig Steinberg. Some work has been done on MODIS ocean colour at Curtin Uni and they have delivered product but we now have a hold up caused by ARCS. • The AO-DAAC work is scaling down and we are slowly moving resource into getting datasets online. This is not an easy process particularly with the need to organise proper documentation and add extra fields in to suit eMII. Some more resources are needed to facilitate these operations.

The AO-DAAC. The AO-DAAC stores and catalogues the satellite derived marine data products in online storage in Melbourne Canberra and Perth. The DAAC provides a simple interface allowing users anywhere in Australia (and the world) to access the online data almost immediately. The AO-DAAC (www.marine.csiro.au/remotesensing/imos is presently serving on Australian GHRSST-PP based SST data product and a regional Tasmanian Ocean colour dataset. There are also parts of two ocean colour datasets available. (See also http://www.eoc.csiro.au/aodaac ). The Bureau of Meteorology administer the SST datasets. Curtin University, WASTAC and iVEC have agreed to put Australia wide MODIS Ocean Colour marine datasets online via an OPeNDAP, in return for some financial support for online storage. However, it is not clear how this data differs from the data available through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ocean Colour website. Data can be accessed through the AO-DAAC systems via ftp, OPeNDAP or through the AO-DAAC in either HDF, netCDF,or test format. The DAAC also allows the user to browse the data for a particular area and link building time range. This data is not yet available through the IMOS Ocean Portal.

The AO-DAAC development work is scaling down and we are slowly moving resources into getting datasets online including organising proper documentation and adding extra fields in to suit eMII. Some more resources are needed to facilitate these operations.

[edit] Data Reception

Data reception is managed in Australia and the sub-facility has installed and extra reception facility at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) near Townsville in north eastern Australia (to extend coverage to the equatorial part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean) and refurbished the Tasmanian Earth Resource Satellite Station (TERSS) near Hobart in southern Australia (to cover the Southern Ocean). The TERSS and AIMS satellite reception systems form part of a national network for acquiring near real-time data giving the best possible coverage of the Australian maritime region. Satellite data can also come into Australia from overseas data repositories via the web.

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[edit] Future

Production of new SST datasets will continue and it is expected a new daily composite SST will be available in the coming months. Later a “skin” SST product will be included. These datasets will be archived and served by the AO-DAAC. Residual work on the TERSS antenna will continue and bring that facility into a more sustainable mode of operation. The AO-DAAC work was not adequately funded to produce a fully operational system and has produced a pilot/demonstration system. The AO-DAAC interface is nearly in final form. A management interface, error reporting etc is being developed. The initial funding was brought forward to get enough momentum going to produce a pilot system. The pilot AO-DAAC system is working and the sub-facility is asking for further funding to make the DAAC operational. This request was viewed favourably by the IMOS mid-term review.

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[edit] 3. Calibration/Validation in other Facilities

[edit] Jason II calibration moorings

Satellite altimeter calibration occurs at the only one Southern Hemisphere site. This includes a mobile satellite laser ranging system, together with tide gauge, GPS buoy and offshore mooring. Initially, this package was deployed at Burnie, Tasmania in early 2008 with some IMOS funds. It was then moved to Storm Bay, Tasmania in early 2009 (?) and will be retrieved in March 2010. This package constitutes one of only three global high-accuracy satellite altimeter calibration sites. The project provides the most accurate estimates of present-day sea level in the Australian region by combining direct measurements from the surface of the Earth to the satellite altimeters with direct measurements of the ocean height from floating GPS buoy experiments. The resulting calibration of the satellite altimeter measurements can then be extrapolated across the whole time history of the altimeter mission, yielding more accurate estimates of sea level variability in the Australian region, as well as providing direct datasets for operational ocean models, such as Bluelink. However, SRS doesn’t provide Altimeter data products itself. Chicken Papar Recipe

[edit] SOOP SST

In order to improve calibration and validation of satellite SST in the Australian region, there was a need for high quality in situ SST observations with greater timeliness, spatial and temporal coverage than has previously been available.

SST observations using hull contact sensors on five vessels in the Australian region are available on the Global Telecommunications System (GTS) and the IMOS data portal. By the end of 2010 new data streams from a further nine Australian vessels will be added to the project.

Current vessels are RV Southern Surveyor, RSV l’Astrolabe, MV Spirit of Tasmania I and II, MV SeaFlyte, MV Portland, MV Stadacona and MV Highland Chief.

Soon to come online are MV Fantasea Wonder, MV Pacific Sun, MV Iron Yandi and MV ANL Yarunga.

Initial assessment of data from two of the SST temperature sensors (SBE 3 on RV Southern Surveyor and SBE 48 on MV Spirit of Tasmania II) using a three-way comparison between ship SST, Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer(AATSR) SST and drifting and moored buoy SST indicates comparable or lower errors than those available from drifting buoys. Comparisons of the MV Portland hull-contact sensor and RSV L'Astrolabe calibrated thermistor (SBE 38) temperature data with AATSR SSTs show similar results.

The Whitsunday ferry has both a bulk SST sensor (engine intake) and a radiometer sensor, so that skin and bulk SST can be compared. The Rottnest ferry (MV SeaFlyte) has a calibrated thermistor (SBE 38) in the engine intake.

Where a surface signature is in place for a mooring, it is envisaged that SST data will be provided for SST verification.

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[edit] Lucinda Jetty

Lucinda Jetty Coastal Observatory in Northern Queensland aims to provide data in tropical Queensland coastal waters to unravel the inaccuracies in remotely-sensed satellite ocean colour products due to the optical complexity in coastal waters (suspended sediment, etc) and the properties overlying atmosphere which affect the observations (aerosols, moisture, etc). The observatory will become the preeminent source of measurements for the validation of coastal-ocean colour radiometric products applied to biogeochemistry and climate studies in Australia. It will merge two different data streams: the above water measurements of the water radiance and the in water measurement of the optical properties. However, this data is currently explicitely used to calibrate the MODIS ocean colour data being delivered through SRS.

[edit] 4. Potential scope of SRS

The establishment of TERN leads to an opportunity for the SRS to cooperate to rationalise the initial processing of MODIS, AVHRR and future datasets from VIIRS which have both ocean and land applications. Getting these shared basic systems in place is important to underpin the production of all ongoing datasets. The core remotely sensed data-streams are SST, Altimeter Sea Surface Height (SSH), and Ocean Colour. Other data-streams of interest include Scatterometer winds, the new sea surface salinity satellite data, and Cryosat II calibration. The Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument is scheduled to replace the MODIS instrument with the first NPP flight in 2011. India is launching a new ocean colour instrument and the SRS should organise to place data from these sensors online as soon as data is available. There are also datasets from MERIS, AATSR, and AMSR-E. It is not clear how these new Instruments transmit their data back to earth, continuous transmission or dedicated burst mode at defined download stations

SRS currently will provide fully calibrated, Sea Surface Temperature products of high quality, in line with international standards, and providing Australia’s contribution to the GHRSST program. For Ocean Colour and Altimeter, IMOS only currently provides calibration data at a single point (at Lucinda Jetty and Storm Bay, respectively). Curtin University have provided MODIS ocean colour to SRS, but so far this is 10 years of historical data, and near real time data has not yet been provided. SE Australia Ocean colour data has also been provided by CSIRO (Arnold Decker)

[edit] Sea Surface Temperature

Currently, IMOS SST calibration is focused on calibration to “bulk” SST, using hull contact Sensors. However, it is the skin temperature that determines energy transfer across the air sea interface. New skin SST products are coming online through the SRS facility. However, only one vessel is providing radiometric SST for calibration of skin SST (MV Fantasea Wonder in the Whitsundays). Hence there is a motivation to co-locate radiometers on ships with hull contact SST sensors pacquiao vs marquez live streaming.

SST activities through BOM are also focused on the direct broadcast AVHRR satellite data from the NOAA polar-orbiters, which is traditionally calibrated to bulk SST. The European Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and infra-red sounder on the geostationary MTSAT-1R satellite are calibrated to skin SST. In addition, the benefits of microwave (AMSR-E) SST data should be discussed.

[edit] Ocean Colour

Ocean Colour and its derivative products such as chlorophyll a, CDOM are problematic requiring highly localized verification. It is unclear as to the temporal validity of regional verification and therefore the uncertainty of the data products is high. Therefore, it may be most beneficial for IMOS to focus resources on the calibration and precision of providing a national, high resolution, high quality dataset for Ocean Colour. However, Biogeochemical observations (fluorescence, CDOM, turbidity) are being made on many IMOS platforms, and could be used for calibration purposes mayweather vs ortiz live streaming.

[edit] Altimeter

High quality altimeter data is the arguably the single most important data stream for ocean forecasting and reanalysis activities. The datastream is also arguably the most complex, due to the level of post processing and corrections needed. New challenges are emerging, as existing platforms are going into “drift” orbit, and new platforms are coming online. This means effort needs to be focussed on the development of correction algorithms. IMOS therefore may have a role to at least ensure that high quality Altimeter data is available for the Australian region. Currently, IMOS has one Jason II altimeter calibration pop up display site in Bass Strait. Is there a need to have another site in Northern Australian waters? Gridded Altimeter data is currently provided through CSIRO (David Griffin). There is potential for this data to be served on the AO-DAAC/ IMOS Ocean Portal.

[edit] Scatterometer winds

A scatterometer is a microwave radar designed to measure ocean near surface wind speed and direction. Data from aircraft, ships, and buoys are used for calibration. After sea surface and air temperature, surface wind stress is likely the most important variable for understanding energy and property transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean. Surface wind stress also drives ocean currents. However, reanalysis datasets of wind stress (NCEP, ERA) are commonly used for analysis and hindcast ocean model runs, which draw mostly on meteorological station data and ship data. However, inherent problems have been identified due to the evolution of the meteorological observing system.

[edit] Sea Surface Salinity

At the recent Bluewater node meeting sea surface salinity (SSS) was one of the variables identified as poorly sampled by the operational ocean forecasting community. SSS is needed to improve our understanding of the earth’s hydrological cycle and climate. This has motivated 2 new satellite platforms to be developed; the NASA Aquarius mission and the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. Once online, effort will need to be dedicated to calibrating these sensors. An existing international activity, the Global Ocean Surface Underway Data (GOSUD) pilot project halloween contacts focuses on collecting, validating archiving and distributing in situ SSS from ships of opportunity. Observations of SSS are made as part of IMOS include thermosalinographs installed on the AIMS research vessels Cape Ferguson and Solander, and the Heron Island Ferry. These will build on the existing measurements Madera dentist from the research vessels Aurora Australis, Southern Surveyor and L’Astrolabe, providing coverage of the oceans surrounding Australia including the Western Coral Sea, Tasman Sea, Southern Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean. IMOS is also establishing a link building service network of ten near shore National Reference Stations (NRS), eight of which have continuous salinity sensors at the surface. Water samples for sea-surface salinity and biogeochemical parameters are taken at least bimonthly if not monthly.

[edit] Ice observations

Changes in polar ice cover and thickness has consequences pos software for sea level rise, the planetary heat budget, deep ocean circulation/ventilation and sea level rise to name but a few. The Cryosat II satellite is being launched outdoor fountains to monitor precise changes in the thickness of polar ice sheets and floating ice. The Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC have expressed interest in using AUV’s under the ice to calibrate this new satellite.

Ideas coming from the ocean remote sensing community on discussion page (see tab above)

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